Revised conclusion paragraph

The aim of this paper has been to examine the health care costs of non-profit and for-profit hospitals in the United States. In particular I have surveyed the effects of decreasing co-payments under each system. As the tables show, in non-profit hospitals, costs increased by 4.8%, whereas in for-profit hospitals, increases were almost six times as high, amounting to an average of 24.7%. Taking these appalling numbers as statistical evidence for an implicit discrepancy regarding patient treatment, I have suggested a link between reduced co-payments and an increased proportion of tests ordered by physicians who work in for-profit hospitals. Several indications have led me to formulate this hypothesis, including a vast number of cross-referenced studies that have already been conducted in this area, according to which cost containment may prove very difficult in a free market economy. However, while the findings presented in the present paper seem to support the abovementioned claim, they are still to be considered somewhat provisional at this stage. Important factors such as patient income, age, and level of satisfaction with the health-care provider have not been taken into consideration yet. Further research is thus strongly needed in order to arrive at more precise data that may allow for a profound evaluation of these crucial findings.

Abstract: Leonie, Hanna, Natalia

Due to the increasing interest in pidgin and creole languages in the last century, many studies have been conducted on the topic. The authors claim that the old assumption of creoles constituting a particular type of languages which arise from unusual sociohistorical circumstances is wrong. Instead, they argue that creole languages emerge in the course of language contact which does not necessarily mean a simplification of the grammar. Rather, it becomes evident that new languages in their emergence are indistinguishable from older ones and therefore are no less complex than their lexifiers. Thus, despite common assumptions, the evidence exists that creoles are the product of the “deconstructing” grammar followed by its reconstruction, the signs of which are still detected.

xue yang,camelia, Ilka Groenewold

Abstract

This paper will analyze the emergence of the Hawaiian Creole English over the course of two generations. This study has shown that the HCE is not derived 100% from the Hawaiian Pidgin English as this was a strong belief held until 2003. After conducting a medium-sized research, our final results have shown that the creole was indeed created by children, and was in no sense a mere predictable evolutionary step from the pidgin. According to this analysis, a second generation of children added some features to the creole, the numbers in our study confirming this hypothesis. The first generation created something quite strikingly unlike the pidgin: they created a full language where there had first been none. Thus, in order to observe the differences in HCE between the two generations, the focus of our research was mainly kept on 50 families that spoke HCE as their first language.

In this article, the writer has analysed varies cases and defended his own Creole Prototype theory. It has been pointed out, for example, that creoles only exhibit their prototype because their creators spoke morphologically isolating languages. The idea that creoles have isolating morphology only because their source languages do is proved to be wrong through the case of the inflection in Guinea- Bissau Creole. Backgrounds and features of varies creoles have been brought up, such as Nubi Creole Arabic, Chamic languages and Baba Malay.

In the last paragraphs the author arguments that other articles in the volume propose that valid theories about creole genesis must take sociological circumstances into account more diligently.

The reason that there are in Cuba and Puerto Rico so few Spanishbasedcreoles was because the small-farm stage lasted so long on these islands that once slaves were brought in longer numbers, relations between blacks andwhites were, while fraught, less implacably distant than on plantations in Surinam or Haiti, and that amidst this social context a very lightly Africanized Spanish itself was too well-established to be transformed by newcomers.

The systems of communication that creolophones use to express their identities and the layered renditions of consciousness that this requires do

so in a code which is less heavily accreted with needless grammatical complexity than people do when expressing their identities in the Caucasus Mountains, and that this is simply because the creolophone’s code is newer. Furthermore it should be observed that a statement that, for example, Saramaccan is less grammatically complex than Russian can, in the logical sense, be founded not in prejudice of any stamp, but a simple engagement with the data. In any case, the volume under review teaches us, despite the intentions of its editors and authors, that creoles are indeed the product of the “deconstructing” of grammar followed by its reconstitution over what has so far been a brief period of time.

Abstract - Deconstructing Creole

Scientists have argued that creoles constitute a distinct type of language resulting from unusual sociohistorical circumstances. In Deconstructing Creoles we have assembled papers that assess basic theories supporting this assumption by analyzing exemplary creoles. The analyses of creoles spoken in diverse parts of the world ultimately led to a conflicting assumption: Instead of supporting that creole genesis is merely a process of simplification including breaks in transmission, the analyses have shown that it is, instead, a matter of languages mixing with no remarkable simplification involved. It is concluded that new languages arise scientifically indistinguishable from older languages, and that they show as many arbitrary complexities as the languages they are based upon.

-Diana, Francesca, Lisa

Task 11

Since the onset of the so called “refugee crisis” leading politicians in Germany, and particularly chancellor Angela Merkel, have strongly advocated a welcoming policy. Growing dissatisfaction in parts of the population with this immigration policy has inspired the formation of PEGIDA and the AFD some of whose members have articulated xenophobic views. The openly expressed nationalistic beliefs have ab initio estranged politicians from other parties. However, given Germany’s history and the public distaste for such extreme remarks, politicians and the media quickly dismissed their chances of surviving as political forces. They portrayed PEGIDA and the AFD inferior, their positions as inhuman, and most of all unpopular. Yet, as demonstrated by the recent Landtag elections, the AFD is well on the way on becoming one of the major parties. This development makes it abundantly clear that the AFD and organizations like PEGIDA cannot merely be ignored into non-existence but instead have to be taken seriously.

Problem - Solution Paragraph

The "Tagesschau" Controversy

 

For a long time since the 1950s, information media in the Western sphere have largely been defined by a competitive relationship between the television industry, radio broadcasting, and the press. This triadic constellation has been rendered more complicated in the context of the 1990s’ digital revolution, due to a novel determining factor that emerged in the field: computer technologies and internet services quickly entered the media landscape, engendering fundamental changes in the market that would fully develop within the next decade, and consequently force traditional media to adapt. Thus, with the rise of internet services and an increased interest in digital content, television stations and press companies in the 21^st century have been struggling to meet the shifting demands of the media market, creating new offerings for their customers that might correspond to the changing usage patterns and consumer needs. In 2010, the German public broadcasting station ARD made an effort to take up the challenge, introducing a mobile application that would provide videos and other material related to the channel’s popular news programme “Tagesschau”. This endeavor, however, was met with controversy, as several publishing houses and press companies claimed that the online application would amount to a distortion of competition in the field of media production, enabling the TV channel to delve into heretofore unauthorized domains of journalistic practice. As a result of the legal dispute between the conflicting parties, the state court of Köln has recently set out rules for the organization of online services by public broadcasters, demanding that their respective offerings must show a relatedness to the televised programmes and avoid resemblance to classical print media. The mentioned example shows how in Germany, the challenge of digitization has been met by a prominent public TV channel, raising questions as to the difficulties that arise as traditional media have to renegotiate their responsibilities in a digital age.

Academic paragraph

Germany has had to face an enormous increase of the right extremist political scene for a few years. Right parties as the NPD (Nationaldemocratic Party Germany) have been popular for a long time, especially in poor regions in Eastern Germany. However, a new party called AfD (Alternative for Germany) has entered the scene in 2013 and set the goal to fight against the European Union and the Refugees who came to Germany within the last two years. They fear an islamisation of the society and an increase of terrorism. The party, run by the politician Frauke Petry, is popular all around the country and elected by the working as well as the upper class. The established parties try to understand why the AfD gains so much attention and attempts to win the voters over to the right populist party. One way to convince the voters is better education and information about general politics and a better understanding of the German past. Besides, the establishment should make clear arguments and lead intelligible campaigns so that the people are not afraid of being left-behind and forgotten anymore.  

Exercise 11

Exercise 11

Despite the fact that Germany is one of the richest countries in the world, many German people are sick: “Burnout” is an epidemic problem in Germany. Many workers suffer from debilitating stress. Reason for this, among others, is that Germans work more hours a year than people in any other member nation. A 35-hour workweek is standard in Germany´s manufacturing sector. Experts see Germany´s culture of hard work as a culprit behind burnout. A survey form Gallup, the polling organization, found that as many as 4.1 million of the 40 million German workers have experienced mental or emotional distress. The car maker Volkswagen blocks emails after office hours and releases them to workers´ inboxes the next workday, to support the work-life balance of the employee. Another company called Daimler has a social counselling office for time of personal crisis. Although minor effects can be seen, there is still a long way to go to reduce the appearance of burnout in German society.

Solar power Production in Ukraine

After Crimea annexation by Russia in 2014 the economic relations between Russia and Ukraine were partially disordered. The problem that Ukrainian politicians encountered is price increase on earth oil and natural gas.  As a consequence, many Ukrainian households start searching for an altenative source of energy. The statistics for 2016 show that Ukraine boosts solar power production fivefold. According to statistic data, during the last 12 months, the number of solar stations in Ukrainian households reached 625. Such huge interest is caused by the opportunity to consume less energy as well as by the chance to sell the extra energy for 19.01 euro cents per 1 kilowatt-hour.  Such tendency looks encouraging both for ukrainian citizens and government.

Task 11

 Known as one the poorest countries in the EU, Romania's manifold of well-educated STEM talent, combined with low wages and cheap operating costs, has made it an attractive place for international companies looking to expand. Its capital city of Bucharest, it is also fast turning into a center for home-grown tech startups--particularly those looking to do so cheaply. The once small scene has been bubbling up over the past five years and now has about 170 startups. There are still many obstacles for Bucharest to overcome, such as worker's retention and access to investment capital, before it can begin to coax international tech talents. But with startup investor confidence in London shaken by the UK's recent decision to leave the EU, and other startup cities such as Berlin, Barcelona, and Amsterdam experiencing rising costs of living, the future is looking bright for Bucharest. 

Task 11 Smog in China

The thick hazardous smog which routinely blankets the streets in Beijing has been brought to discussion over and over again. Research shows that some particles of the smog in China are nano particles which can enter the pulmonary alveoli, blood and nerve system, causing long-term synthetical harm to human body. Besides, there are various constituents in the smog produced not only by industrial emission and vehicle exhaust, but also by the secondary chemical reactions from the pollutant. In order to improve the air quality, the government has put forward ten measures including reducing the pollution sources, speeding up the technological upgrading of the factories, shutting down high pollution factories, etc. Although minor effects can be seen, there is still a long way to go.

Exercise 11

Ukraine is the biggest country in Europe with the area of 603.700 km². However, despite being almost twice as big as Germany, which has an area of 357.000 km², it has only half of its population – 45 million. Some of the reasons for such a low number are economic instability and unemployment. The issue can be solved by creating more jobs especially in rural areas. If people had a financial security in terms of a stable income, they would consider having more children. Consequently, the increase in population could also lead to the improvement of economic situation of the country.

Task 11. Loss of job for the young generation.

Among the several problems that affect Italy nowadays , a great one is the loss of job for the young generations. This situation leads to an impressive migration of brilliant minds outside the country. Looking for workers with many years experience, the great majority of italian companies give no possibility to young people to collect some of them.  One of the numerous solutions could be providing the students the access to some promising intership in their field of study.

Homework Task 8), 9) and 10)

Task 8)
1) caused
2) redone
3) provide
4) obtained, taken
5) encountered

Task 9)
1) considerable
2) obtained
3) numerous / encouraging
4) consequences
5) slightly, moderately / to some extent
6) extremely good / promising
7) debatable
8) to unite / congregate

Task 10
1) If the exam is not passed, it is not possible to enter the university.
2) We now need to consider the causes of deformation. Many possibilities exist.
3) The differences between these two processes can be seen clearly.
4) The difference between these two processes can be easily observed.
5) These special tax laws have been enacted in six state: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Nevada, Arizona and California.
6) The subjects have not experienced difficulties with the task.

Tasks 8-10.

Task Eight

1. The implementation of computer-integrated-manufacturing (CIM) has caused some serious problems.

2. The process should be executed/redone until the desired results are achieved

3. Plans are being made to create a database containing detailed environmental information for the region.

4. Subtle changes in the earth’s crust were detected by these new devices.

5. Proposals to construct new nuclear reactor have faced great resistance from environmentalists.

Task Nine

1. The government has made considerable progress in solving environmental problems.

2. We obtained encouraging results.

3. The results of numerous different projects have been encouraging.

4. A loss of jobs is one of the consequences if the process is automated.

5. The reaction of the officials was somewhat negative.  

6. The economic outlook is impressive.

7. The future of Federal funding is not yet decided.

8. America’s major automakers are planning to meet /gather on the research needed for more fuel efficient cars.

Task Ten

1. If you fail the exam, you can enter no university.

2. There exist many causes of deformation.  

3. The difference between these two processes can be clearly seen.

4. A small bit/ amount of ammonium dichromate is gradually added to the gelatin solution.

5. These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio among others.

   

Tasks 8, 9 and 10

Task 8

1. Caused
2. Repeated
3. Provide
4. Collected
5. encountered

Task 9

1. Considerable
2. Obtained
3. numerous ; encouraging
4. Consequences
5. Rather
6. Promising
7. Uncertain
8. Gather around

Task 10

1. There is no university entrance if the exam is going to be a failed one.
2. Many possibilities exist for the causes of deformation, such as ..
3. The difference between these two processes can be easily observed.
4. Gradually, a small amount of ammonium dichromate is added to the gelatin solution.
5. These special taxes have been approved in six states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, California, Nevada and Arizona
6. The subjects have not experienced difficulties with the task.

Task 8-10

Task 8

1) caused
2) redone
3) create / form
4) collected
5) confronted


Task 9

1) considerable
2) obtained
3) numerous; encouraging
4) consequences 

5) moderately / rather
6) extremely good / promising
7) outstanding / a pending issue
8) congregate


Task 10

1) Should you fail the exam you won't be able to enter the university. 

2) Many possibilities exist for the causes of deformation. / We now need to consider the causes of deformation. Many possibilities exist.

3) The differences between these two processes can be seen clearly.

4) A small amount of ammonium dichromate is gradually added to the gelatin solution.

5) These special tax laws have been enacted in six states, including Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio.

6) The subjects barely had difficulty with the task.(informal)
 The task didn't prove much difficulty for the subjects.

Home assignment

Task 8
1) generated ( produced, caused)
2) redone ( remade)
3) compose ( create, produce)
4) collected ( detected)
5) encountered

Task 9
1) considerable
2) obtained
3) numerous encouraging
4) consecuences

5) to some extent / moderetely
6) significantly good, (extremely)
7) debatable, questionable 
8) to unite/ to co-operate

Task 10
1) If the exam is failed, it is impossible to enter the university.
2) Many possibilities defining causes of deformation exist. 
3)The difference between these two processes is clearly seen.
4) These special text laws have been enacted in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio and other three states.
5) The subjects had little difficulty with the task. 

Article Analysis

Trump Victory: Russians Relieved About Republican Win Over Clinton

Description of a situation
MOSCOW — He may have called for "bombing the hell out of ISIS" and refused to rule out dropping a nuclear bomb on Europe, but many Russians have come to see President-elect Donald Trump as their best hope for peace. According to this world view, which is reinforced by state-controlled television, America is seen as an aggressor that uses its military and soft power to promote regime change across the globe. - 
Identification of a problem 
Hillary Clinton was portrayed as a dangerous candidate who favored foreign interventions in the name of democracy while Trump was described as a bulwark against a possible war with the United States.  Alexei Kolin Alexey Gordienko / NBC News "I hope it will be less [of a chance of war], because bad things are happening in the Russian Army," said Alexei Kolin, 21, who was recently discharged from the army. "The new draftees … are told that Americans are evil and taught to kill," he told NBC News. "I think if [Trump] won, the chance of war will be less — it's very big now." Related: Analysis: Trump Inherits an Increasingly Divided World This is a view expressed frequently by commentators on Russian television channels, including Vladimir Zhirinovsky, a flamboyant lawmaker and a nationalist ally of President Vladimir Putin.
Description of a solution
 As Americans cast their ballots on Tuesday, Zhirinovsky portrayed Trump as the only person able to deescalate dangerous tensions between Moscow and Washington. "Trump wants peace, he doesn't want war and couldn't care less about Ukraine or Syria" Zhirinovsky said on Russia's state-owned channel Rossiya-24.  Others said they hoped that the U.S. and Russia could steady a relationship that has hit a rough patch. "Two countries such as Russia and America have to be friends regardless of anything," said Sergei, a 45-year-old unemployed resident of Moscow. He refused to give his last name to an American media outlet. Others, like 26-year-old cook Artyom Telegin, remained skeptical. The U.S. will "continue the policies they have, and I think isolating Russia is a priority for America," he said. Russia's relations with America have reached the lowest point since the Soviet era after Russia's annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea peninsula in 2014 and the involvement in the Donbass conflict in eastern Ukraine. Moscow endorsed the pro-Russian rebels and allegedly sent troops to their aid — a charge the Kremlin denies. The White House has imposed sanctions on Russian officials and industries, and accused the government of hacking various U.S. targets during the election campaign. Trump, in contrast, has talked about recognizing Crimea's annexation and praised Putin for his high approval ratings, which remain above 80 percent. 
Evaluation of a solution
The Russian leadership appeared mostly heartened by Clinton's defeat. The State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, greeted the news of Trump's victory with an ovation. Putin said Wednesday he hoped Trump's win would allow to "bring relations back on a sustainable track." "We understand it's a hard road, but we're ready to walk our part of it," he said in televised remarks.

Task 8.

1) caused
2) redone
3) provide
4) obtained, taken
5) encountered

Task 9.

1) considerable
2) obtained
3) numerous / encouraging
4) consequences

5) slightly, moderately
6) extremely good
7) doubtful
8) congregate

Task 10.

1) If the exam is not passed, it is not possible to enter the university.
2) We should now ask to ourselves which are the causes of deformation, considering that there are many possibilities.
3)   Considerable differences between these two processes can be seen.
4) A small bit of ammonium dichromate is gradually added to the gelatin solution.
5) These special tax laws have been enacted in six state: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio and other american states.
6)  The subjects have little difficulty with the task.