Revised conclusion paragraph

The aim of this paper has been to examine the health care costs of non-profit and for-profit hospitals in the United States. In particular I have surveyed the effects of decreasing co-payments under each system. As the tables show, in non-profit hospitals, costs increased by 4.8%, whereas in for-profit hospitals, increases were almost six times as high, amounting to an average of 24.7%. Taking these appalling numbers as statistical evidence for an implicit discrepancy regarding patient treatment, I have suggested a link between reduced co-payments and an increased proportion of tests ordered by physicians who work in for-profit hospitals. Several indications have led me to formulate this hypothesis, including a vast number of cross-referenced studies that have already been conducted in this area, according to which cost containment may prove very difficult in a free market economy. However, while the findings presented in the present paper seem to support the abovementioned claim, they are still to be considered somewhat provisional at this stage. Important factors such as patient income, age, and level of satisfaction with the health-care provider have not been taken into consideration yet. Further research is thus strongly needed in order to arrive at more precise data that may allow for a profound evaluation of these crucial findings.

Abstract: Leonie, Hanna, Natalia

Due to the increasing interest in pidgin and creole languages in the last century, many studies have been conducted on the topic. The authors claim that the old assumption of creoles constituting a particular type of languages which arise from unusual sociohistorical circumstances is wrong. Instead, they argue that creole languages emerge in the course of language contact which does not necessarily mean a simplification of the grammar. Rather, it becomes evident that new languages in their emergence are indistinguishable from older ones and therefore are no less complex than their lexifiers. Thus, despite common assumptions, the evidence exists that creoles are the product of the “deconstructing” grammar followed by its reconstruction, the signs of which are still detected.

xue yang,camelia, Ilka Groenewold

Abstract

This paper will analyze the emergence of the Hawaiian Creole English over the course of two generations. This study has shown that the HCE is not derived 100% from the Hawaiian Pidgin English as this was a strong belief held until 2003. After conducting a medium-sized research, our final results have shown that the creole was indeed created by children, and was in no sense a mere predictable evolutionary step from the pidgin. According to this analysis, a second generation of children added some features to the creole, the numbers in our study confirming this hypothesis. The first generation created something quite strikingly unlike the pidgin: they created a full language where there had first been none. Thus, in order to observe the differences in HCE between the two generations, the focus of our research was mainly kept on 50 families that spoke HCE as their first language.

In this article, the writer has analysed varies cases and defended his own Creole Prototype theory. It has been pointed out, for example, that creoles only exhibit their prototype because their creators spoke morphologically isolating languages. The idea that creoles have isolating morphology only because their source languages do is proved to be wrong through the case of the inflection in Guinea- Bissau Creole. Backgrounds and features of varies creoles have been brought up, such as Nubi Creole Arabic, Chamic languages and Baba Malay.

In the last paragraphs the author arguments that other articles in the volume propose that valid theories about creole genesis must take sociological circumstances into account more diligently.

The reason that there are in Cuba and Puerto Rico so few Spanishbasedcreoles was because the small-farm stage lasted so long on these islands that once slaves were brought in longer numbers, relations between blacks andwhites were, while fraught, less implacably distant than on plantations in Surinam or Haiti, and that amidst this social context a very lightly Africanized Spanish itself was too well-established to be transformed by newcomers.

The systems of communication that creolophones use to express their identities and the layered renditions of consciousness that this requires do

so in a code which is less heavily accreted with needless grammatical complexity than people do when expressing their identities in the Caucasus Mountains, and that this is simply because the creolophone’s code is newer. Furthermore it should be observed that a statement that, for example, Saramaccan is less grammatically complex than Russian can, in the logical sense, be founded not in prejudice of any stamp, but a simple engagement with the data. In any case, the volume under review teaches us, despite the intentions of its editors and authors, that creoles are indeed the product of the “deconstructing” of grammar followed by its reconstitution over what has so far been a brief period of time.

Abstract - Deconstructing Creole

Scientists have argued that creoles constitute a distinct type of language resulting from unusual sociohistorical circumstances. In Deconstructing Creoles we have assembled papers that assess basic theories supporting this assumption by analyzing exemplary creoles. The analyses of creoles spoken in diverse parts of the world ultimately led to a conflicting assumption: Instead of supporting that creole genesis is merely a process of simplification including breaks in transmission, the analyses have shown that it is, instead, a matter of languages mixing with no remarkable simplification involved. It is concluded that new languages arise scientifically indistinguishable from older languages, and that they show as many arbitrary complexities as the languages they are based upon.

-Diana, Francesca, Lisa

Task 11

Since the onset of the so called “refugee crisis” leading politicians in Germany, and particularly chancellor Angela Merkel, have strongly advocated a welcoming policy. Growing dissatisfaction in parts of the population with this immigration policy has inspired the formation of PEGIDA and the AFD some of whose members have articulated xenophobic views. The openly expressed nationalistic beliefs have ab initio estranged politicians from other parties. However, given Germany’s history and the public distaste for such extreme remarks, politicians and the media quickly dismissed their chances of surviving as political forces. They portrayed PEGIDA and the AFD inferior, their positions as inhuman, and most of all unpopular. Yet, as demonstrated by the recent Landtag elections, the AFD is well on the way on becoming one of the major parties. This development makes it abundantly clear that the AFD and organizations like PEGIDA cannot merely be ignored into non-existence but instead have to be taken seriously.

Problem - Solution Paragraph

The "Tagesschau" Controversy

 

For a long time since the 1950s, information media in the Western sphere have largely been defined by a competitive relationship between the television industry, radio broadcasting, and the press. This triadic constellation has been rendered more complicated in the context of the 1990s’ digital revolution, due to a novel determining factor that emerged in the field: computer technologies and internet services quickly entered the media landscape, engendering fundamental changes in the market that would fully develop within the next decade, and consequently force traditional media to adapt. Thus, with the rise of internet services and an increased interest in digital content, television stations and press companies in the 21^st century have been struggling to meet the shifting demands of the media market, creating new offerings for their customers that might correspond to the changing usage patterns and consumer needs. In 2010, the German public broadcasting station ARD made an effort to take up the challenge, introducing a mobile application that would provide videos and other material related to the channel’s popular news programme “Tagesschau”. This endeavor, however, was met with controversy, as several publishing houses and press companies claimed that the online application would amount to a distortion of competition in the field of media production, enabling the TV channel to delve into heretofore unauthorized domains of journalistic practice. As a result of the legal dispute between the conflicting parties, the state court of Köln has recently set out rules for the organization of online services by public broadcasters, demanding that their respective offerings must show a relatedness to the televised programmes and avoid resemblance to classical print media. The mentioned example shows how in Germany, the challenge of digitization has been met by a prominent public TV channel, raising questions as to the difficulties that arise as traditional media have to renegotiate their responsibilities in a digital age.

Academic paragraph

Germany has had to face an enormous increase of the right extremist political scene for a few years. Right parties as the NPD (Nationaldemocratic Party Germany) have been popular for a long time, especially in poor regions in Eastern Germany. However, a new party called AfD (Alternative for Germany) has entered the scene in 2013 and set the goal to fight against the European Union and the Refugees who came to Germany within the last two years. They fear an islamisation of the society and an increase of terrorism. The party, run by the politician Frauke Petry, is popular all around the country and elected by the working as well as the upper class. The established parties try to understand why the AfD gains so much attention and attempts to win the voters over to the right populist party. One way to convince the voters is better education and information about general politics and a better understanding of the German past. Besides, the establishment should make clear arguments and lead intelligible campaigns so that the people are not afraid of being left-behind and forgotten anymore.